Iryna писал(а):Англ./ Суд. / Норв./ Русск.
As many/ Teli / telle / Считать (общая семантическая группа)
August/ rugputis/ Rug / Рожь - putte/ Прятать, засовывать, запихивать.
Basis/ Gruntas/ grunn/ Основа, фундамент, земля, почва.
Become-brown/ Rust/ rust/ ржавчина
Believe/ Druvit/ Tro («тру»)/ верить
Church/ Kirke / kirke/ церковь
Надо сказать, основа «grunn» очень распространена в норвежском языке и является производной для многих слов.
вопрос важный и интересный.
исследователь ятаягов Судавии Йозеф Пошка в своей длинной статье про происхождение ятвягов
исследует их общность с носителями R1a1, а затем дает такой текст
Swords like the Petersen "H" type found in Belarus, or the ULFBERHT type "Y" sword from near Grodno, validate dating such Norse settlements to that period. Specific embedded inlay symbols [ C ? ? ] in the Grodno type "Y" ULFBERHT blade link it to an ULFBERHT sword from Stavne ( near Trondheim ) Norway, and another ULFBERHT sword from the Rapola Matomaki cemetery in Finland ( # NM 2767 ) - as well as a sword from Limerick, Ireland ( # 1864, 1-27 3 in the British Museum ), and one from Vepsian territory of Ust Rybezhno, by the Pasha river near Staraya Ladoga Russia. This "lucky" ? ? ? symbol ( mirrored inlay omegas with a ? Cross Potent between > C ? ? ) thus links a Grodno Varangian to his kinfolk in Norway, Finland, & even Ireland. The Cross Potent ?, as a specific symbol for "magician", was imported from the East ( China ) along with silk. Such fine ostentatious swords were probably acquired on Gotland, perhaps at "The Big Apple" of Bogeviken. The Brilevsky treasure Viking coins of Belarus were minted from 742 to 891. It appears that within a century or two, those Norse ( Nor?menn ) traders which remained either dispersed along the nearby Nemunas river system, and or strategically assimilated ( typically within 3 generations ) with ranking locals ( a common Viking custom ) of the neighboring Dainavian-Sudovian people, perhaps from trade of iron for horses, marten furs, amber & hemp - for ship rope. Their Yotvingian Y-DNA survives, with closest Y-DNA matches from Norway, Ireland & Scotland ( clan Gotheray ? of the Hebrides ), Sweden ( near old Birka ), followed by Cumbria ( note the Gosforth Cross, with it's bound LOKI carving ) & some in Finland - a Y-DNA trail of related "Lochlannar" Norse clansmen. Family.
Historic records indicate they opposed surrendering the old beliefs of their forefathers for an imposed foreign southern import. It is also recorded that Yotvingians traded for grain ( they weren't farmers ) and hired out their renown military skills as Varangians often did back then. A new ( re: A.С. Кибинь below ), rational etymology of the Baltic "Jotving- / Jatving-", now rescued from an inert provincialism of kaleidoscopic self-replicating hypotheticals and ethnocentric tunnel vision, can finally be derived from an original Old West Norse Heiti Jatvigr - poetic "lucky spear ", or "lucky-victor " of the Varangian leader's name * ( gen sg = Jatvigs, > Jatvigs Rhos ( Li? / Druzina / Sebrija ) > Jatvings - as luck would have it ! L448 ? ). The "nasal infixation" of the West Norse original ( -igs / -igs > -igs > -ings ), as well as artifacts, reflects close early contacts with local Dainavians-Sudovians, for whom the ubiquitous trademark "nasal -ing-" suffix ( -ig- in Latvian ) was indeed highly productive ( re: Aps-ingis, Zietela "Rus-ingis", etc ) and is thus non-problematic with it's "nasal" affectation of the local Balts. Top all this off with the peculiar parallel nominative-genitive masc. singular ( re: Wilkaskaymen ) of West Baltic dialects, and it it easy to see how an original genitive Jatvigs from Old West Norse becomes assimilated as a poly-ethnic West Baltic nominative Jatvings. "Jotvings". Voila!
Norsk Rossfolk
As convenient as that all sounds, the ubiquitous Lithuanian "Jotvingis" term is itself a recent neologism coined back in the 20's. Opps. This "Jotvingis" Baltic neologism born in the 1920's was derived solely from various Ros affiliated, historical Rus' era Slavic labels of a prior millennium. To the Baltic Dainavians and Sudovians repelling the aggressive invading Kiev Rus' of Vladimir and later Crusaders, these poly-ethnic mixed Norse-Balt assimilated descendants near the Nemunas were already "one of us". Relatives & brothers - literally. When Vytautas left Grodno for Grunwald, some local descendants of the Yotvingians most likely accompanied him. A "Dainavianized" nom./gen. sg. nasal Jatvigs from an Old West Norse genitive singular Jatvigs Li?ar -" Jatvigr's band ( ??????? - druzhina ) " effortlessly yeilds Jotvings ( note West Norse Jatvigr ( with "T" ) vs. related Eadwig [ ?тьв?гъ ] or Eadwy [ ?тьв?- ] with "D" ). These poly-ethnic Norse led ??????? ???????, or Jatvigs Rossfolk ( Li?smenn ) along the Nemunas river, would acquire the local Baltic language of Dainavians and Sudovians in time ( typically within 3 generations or less ), & assimilation - many by inter-marriage like with other Vikings elsewhere. Bilingualism is a key necessity of foreign traders. "Ross-" ( ??????? ), may well reflect an earlier ( circa 7th-8th centuries ) pre-sail era maritime terminology. ( note Norwegian dialect "Rossfolk" - Norsk Ordbog of Ivar Aasen, 1873, p. 612 )
Centuries of multi-cultural commingling between West Balts & Scandinavians ( from 650 - onward ) are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina, Truso, or Kaup / Wiskiauten. PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L. et al, 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts, as does the LWb allele in Gotland. In more precise terms, the Varangians were primarily Norse immigrant mercenaries, whereas the Rhos, or Rus', were later a wider poly-ethnic base - affiliated with the imported Viking culture, which also included " farmenn " - merchants, boatmen, and traders, from Birka & Bogeviken ( ? ???????? ) to Kiev. Originally, the 9th century Rus' " Русь " < Finnic "Ruotsi" , of early Staraya Ladoga ( & it's archaeological evidence, ie - glass "wasp beads" ) were primarily Scandinavians. Early Staraya Ladoga ( circa 753, per tree-ring data ) had only 3 Scandinavian type Longhouses. The earlier nearby Liubsha Hillfort was evidently Finnic, perhaps Karelian or Vepsian, ( based on Jewelry ), and the "temple rings" of early Staraya Ladoga have a Baltic type provenance.
Centuries of multi-cultural commingling between West Balts & Scandinavians ( from 650 - onward ) are also reflected at other trade settlements like Saeborg-Grobina, Truso, or Kaup / Wiskiauten. PI Z alleles and S alleles in the Courland ( Kurland ) region of Latvia ( Beckman L. et al, 1999 ) mirror poly-cultural blending of Grobina artifacts, as does the LWb allele in Gotland. In more precise terms, the Varangians were primarily Norse immigrant mercenaries, whereas the Rhos, or Rus', were later a wider poly-ethnic base - affiliated with the imported Viking culture, which also included " farmenn " - merchants, boatmen, and traders, from Birka & Bogeviken ( ? ???????? ) to Kiev. Originally, the 9th century Rus' " Русь " < Finnic "Ruotsi" , of early Staraya Ladoga ( & it's archaeological evidenc
